Which of the following is a punitive measure a commander can use?

A summary court-martial serves as a punitive measure that allows a commander to address misconduct in a judicial setting. It is designed to provide a quick and fair trial for minor offenses under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). The summary court-martial is conducted by a single officer and can result in various punishments, such as confinement, reduction in rank, or forfeiture of pay, making it a formal avenue for disciplinary action.

In contrast, other options like a memorandum of understanding, informal counseling, and private reprimands are not punitive in the same sense. A memorandum of understanding typically outlines agreements and expectations without imposing penalties. Informal counseling serves as a means of guidance and correction, aimed at improving performance rather than punishing the individual. Similarly, a private reprimand may address behavior but lacks the formal consequences associated with judicial actions like a court-martial. Thus, the summary court-martial stands out as a definitive punitive measure available to commanders.